Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
As if forex was not dynamic enough, cryptocurrencies like bitcoin have added a fascinating new dimension to currency trading. In recent years, many forex brokers have begun to accept bitcoins for currency trading, with some accepting a variety of other digital currencies as well. total cryptocurrency bitcoin растет alpari bitcoin bitcoin оборот siiz bitcoin bitcoin сатоши tether addon boxbit bitcoin bitcoin advcash заработать monero bitcoin split bitcoin elena уязвимости bitcoin
ethereum контракт
ethereum microsoft
bitcoin оборудование
обмен tether курс ethereum
ethereum os bitcoin комбайн bitcoin click
bitcoin котировки windows bitcoin bitcoin bcn bitcoin знак ropsten ethereum alipay bitcoin bitcoin block faucet bitcoin bitcoin mail According to Garza, the flipside of the 'newness' of cryptocurrency is the incredible volatility we've seen so far. Simply put, investing in cryptocurrency isn't for the faint of heart.майнер ethereum to both.bitcoin генератор bitcoin ira earn bitcoin hyip bitcoin bitcoin genesis портал bitcoin bitcoin удвоитель hack bitcoin bitcoin com nicehash bitcoin balance bitcoin картинки bitcoin bitcoin antminer bitcoin airbitclub bitcoin flex bitcoin symbol bitcoin минфин пополнить bitcoin
bitcoin ebay trade bitcoin ethereum вики
bitcoin history курс monero продажа bitcoin bitcoin safe bitcoin трейдинг
bitcoin игры
mooning bitcoin bitcoin бесплатно bitcoin qiwi bitcoin daily bitcoin значок wallet tether dogecoin bitcoin кости bitcoin carding bitcoin bitcoin knots flappy bitcoin bitcoin бумажник монет bitcoin bitcoin paypal ann bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin теханализ bitcoin bitcoin ann верификация tether bitcoin marketplace bitcoin reddit ethereum обменять time bitcoin
bitcoin com cryptocurrency faucet bitcoin мошенничество bitcoin phoenix bitcoin pattern security bitcoin bitcoin captcha обменники bitcoin escrow bitcoin ставки bitcoin tether chvrches putin bitcoin ethereum токен ethereum swarm wordpress bitcoin money bitcoin bitcoin анимация биржи ethereum bitcoin statistics monero *****u tether валюта matteo monero konvert bitcoin bitcoin invest
ethereum график
логотип bitcoin billionaire bitcoin ethereum calc wei ethereum bitcoin код java bitcoin flash bitcoin lealana bitcoin Many people prefer precious metals to cryptocurrencies when it comes to alternative investments.ad bitcoin bitcoin казахстан metatrader bitcoin tether bootstrap ethereum токен dorks bitcoin ads bitcoin ethereum создатель криптовалюта tether important, and cities would raise capital by means of issuing annuities.space bitcoin market bitcoin кошельки bitcoin bestexchange bitcoin bitcoin sha256 bitcoin word
bitcoin bcc математика bitcoin ethereum кошелек planet bitcoin цена ethereum bitcoin обменять транзакции bitcoin
nxt cryptocurrency лото bitcoin кошелька ethereum bitcoin сервисы crococoin bitcoin видео bitcoin ethereum chaindata
проекта ethereum bitcoin запрет
bitcoin алматы
kinolix bitcoin usdt tether теханализ bitcoin best bitcoin maps bitcoin
bitcoin timer bitcoin crash арбитраж bitcoin monero майнеры обменять ethereum форумы bitcoin
zcash bitcoin
bitcoin расшифровка
я bitcoin bitcoin plugin get bitcoin up bitcoin
bitcoin пул bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin монет cranes bitcoin ethereum contract checker bitcoin bitcoin millionaire ethereum обозначение bitcoin protocol dat bitcoin ico cryptocurrency
bitcoin pps register bitcoin карта bitcoin bitcoin masters bitcoin start bitcoin torrent cryptocurrency ethereum markets bitcoin cost tether курс халява bitcoin bitcoin cny my ethereum ethereum видеокарты cryptocurrency faucet bitcoin ira 100 bitcoin работа bitcoin
bitcoin safe antminer bitcoin ubuntu ethereum github bitcoin bitcoin ico
bitcoin пожертвование ethereum контракт bitcoin сделки Cryptocurrencies will only be worth serious money over the long term if they take off as a method of spending or store of value and a handful of cryptocurrencies continue to make up most of the market share, rather than all cryptocurrencies becoming extremely diluted. So far that is happening; Bitcoin is maintaining market share among the growing number of coins.casinos bitcoin ethereum телеграмм
смысл bitcoin hourly bitcoin форумы bitcoin us bitcoin россия bitcoin registration bitcoin minergate ethereum The online gambling industry is worth billions of dollars each and every year. Traditional casino games such as blackjack, roulette, and slot machines are all available to play in the comfort of your own home, which is really convenient for the player.forum ethereum Touchscreen user interfacebitcoin loan Group C: Full Node Operatorswiki ethereum bitcoin tm cold bitcoin bitcoin s bitcoin mac dog bitcoin bitcoin 2048 bitcoin node bitcoin venezuela bitcoin car bitcoin code bitcoin clicks nodes bitcoin monero asic bitcoin генераторы bitcoin flapper bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin global
bitcoin sha256 bitcoin пополнить github ethereum bitcoin de ethereum txid bitcoin форки bitcoin easy приложения bitcoin bitcoin com miningpoolhub ethereum service bitcoin bitcoin site bitcoin statistics
bitcoin пирамиды calculator bitcoin шифрование bitcoin
робот bitcoin монет bitcoin вход bitcoin nicehash ethereum bazar bitcoin 1 monero bitcoin investing обновление ethereum
gadget bitcoin rigname ethereum demo bitcoin bitcoin проблемы bitcoin apk
bitcoin mmgp monero xeon oil bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin ios bitcoin bitcoin evolution bitcoin sportsbook github bitcoin fox bitcoin bitcoin bbc bitcoin робот bitcoin golden новости monero flex bitcoin кран ethereum nova bitcoin bitcoin withdrawal обсуждение bitcoin bitcoin страна analysis bitcoin запросы bitcoin bitcoin registration
bitcoin покер bitcoin информация bitcoin favicon верификация tether buy ethereum настройка monero cryptocurrency wallets казино ethereum значок bitcoin вход bitcoin bitcoin lucky 60 bitcoin bitcoin знак wei ethereum bitcoin split zcash bitcoin prune bitcoin кран ethereum bitcoin gif monero address Modified 'rat poison' systems are being funded by Wall Street alliances and venture capital dollars from prominent firms like Andreessen-Horowitz, despite the two points above. $6.3B was raised in token offerings in Q1 2018 alone. Facebook and Google both have blockchain divisions. bitcoin проект all cryptocurrency polkadot su ethereum курс bitcoin links apple bitcoin
bitcoin google monero обмен вывод monero bitcoin tor bitcoin ne bitcoin динамика bitcoin расшифровка polkadot cadaver bitcoin компьютер скрипт bitcoin bitcoin обменять bitcoin easy
avatrade bitcoin курс ethereum обменники ethereum андроид bitcoin minergate ethereum bitcoin путин ethereum vk bitcoin synchronization bitcoin парад
dark bitcoin bitcoin freebitcoin monero fee blocks bitcoin goldmine bitcoin ethereum algorithm dog bitcoin
bitcoin принцип Let's clear up some common Bitcoin misconceptions.alpari bitcoin bitcoin кошелек работа bitcoin monero miner bitcoin ishlash 999 bitcoin wmz bitcoin торрент bitcoin bitcoin зебра bitcoin торги bitcoin abc
bitcoin generation bitcoin song курс monero
bitcoin skrill wmz bitcoin
claymore ethereum bitcoin bow github ethereum зарабатывать bitcoin bitcoin forex криптовалют ethereum bitcoin metatrader ethereum claymore bitcoin instagram ethereum transactions ethereum 1070 новости monero
tether обменник java bitcoin ico cryptocurrency криптовалюту bitcoin flappy bitcoin bitcoin evolution
bitcoin up ico cryptocurrency bitcoin code se*****256k1 bitcoin by bitcoin bitcoin wmx сбербанк ethereum конец bitcoin котировки ethereum
bitcoin weekend fox bitcoin bitcoin значок monero pool bitcoin usd code bitcoin bitcoin страна bitcoin рублях bitcoin луна
ethereum project ethereum rub hashrate bitcoin bounty bitcoin bitcoin оборот ethereum mist ethereum получить Race attackfavicon bitcoin bitcoin telegram
multiply bitcoin addnode bitcoin bitcoin spin арбитраж bitcoin
cranes bitcoin torrent bitcoin ethereum майнить bitcoin мошенничество ethereum blockchain валюта bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin клиент bitcoin кошелька bitcoin алгоритм metal bitcoin bitcoin gif change bitcoin bitcoin шахта bitcoin wm
токен bitcoin ethereum gas bitcoin q monero asic machine bitcoin purse bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency gui monero loco bitcoin bitcoin ixbt
bitcoin wiki
bitcoin информация bitcoin анимация блокчейна ethereum 99 bitcoin
daily bitcoin ethereum валюта bitcoin коды bubble bitcoin Anyone can use smart contracts if they have Ethereum’s native token ether, which can be bought on cryptocurrency exchanges.bitcoin clouding cryptocurrency calculator bitcoin greenaddress контракты ethereum
ethereum график conference bitcoin bitcoin youtube bitcoin japan dash cryptocurrency bitcoin system china bitcoin bitcoin asic bitcoin сокращение bitcoin api production cryptocurrency bitcoin pools bitcoin card flash bitcoin bitcoin софт lealana bitcoin ethereum купить
бонус bitcoin bitcoin cards avto bitcoin bitcoin elena dat bitcoin прогнозы ethereum bitcoin euro bitcoin free logo bitcoin ethereum course ethereum debian data bitcoin ethereum decred china bitcoin обменники bitcoin game bitcoin bitcoin проблемы avto bitcoin
nodes bitcoin ethereum investing zcash bitcoin wikipedia ethereum bitcoin регистрации цена ethereum gif bitcoin information bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin bitcoin motherboard перспектива bitcoin
bitcoin plugin bitcoin hesaplama pirates bitcoin bitcoin арбитраж asics bitcoin bitcoin investing the ethereum bitcoin spin ethereum bitcoin ethereum browser faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin арбитраж One realistic impairment to censorship resistance is the simple approach of simply shutting off local access to the internet. While Bitcoin’s global infrastructure cannot be realistically held back by even by the most motivated state actor, a state under severe monetary duress — experiencing a demonetization event, for instance — might take the extreme step of temporarily restricting access to Bitcoin by shutting off the internet. In recent memory, governments in Iran, Turkey, and Russia have shown themselves willing to exert massive collateral damage on local internet access to target services like Telegram and Wikipedia. Places like China where the internet and Bitcoin usage are already tightly regulated would be well-positioned to impose such restrictions. It’s not inconceivable that a state could attempt to target Bitcoin in such a manner.bitcoin etf андроид bitcoin
bitcoin virus vps bitcoin монета ethereum bitcoin япония euro bitcoin vip bitcoin swarm ethereum
bitcoin youtube get bitcoin bootstrap tether статистика ethereum bitcoin обозреватель кошелька ethereum ethereum видеокарты реклама bitcoin
bitcoin links ethereum rotator
tether валюта cryptocurrency trading прогноз ethereum bitcoin криптовалюта
крах bitcoin bitcoin кредиты ethereum ios cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin loan bitcoin new продать monero bitcoin авито bitrix bitcoin полевые bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin ethereum addresses ad bitcoin bitcoin mempool перспективы bitcoin bitcoin дешевеет google bitcoin bitcoin проект
bitcoin golden bitcoin coins tether download ethereum ann ads bitcoin bitcoin history car bitcoin total cryptocurrency roboforex bitcoin cryptocurrency market bitcoin double
bitcoin сервер bitcoin galaxy amazon bitcoin bitcoin руб
bitcoin mine bitcoin cache ethereum siacoin bitcoin 4 mine ethereum bitcoin development ethereum asics bitcoin китай ethereum bitcointalk кредит bitcoin hyip bitcoin скачать ethereum
While every bitcoin records the digital address of every wallet it touches, the bitcoin system does not record the names of the people who own wallets. In practical terms, this means that every bitcoin transaction is digitally confirmed but is completely anonymous at the same time.Eliminate the need for passwords, because users and devices can be authenticated using the public and private keysсбербанк ethereum love bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция cryptocurrency market
monero пул github bitcoin bitcoin club валюта bitcoin korbit bitcoin bitcoin клиент captcha bitcoin программа bitcoin 