Fork (blockchain)
In blockchain, a fork is defined variously as:
"what happens when a blockchain diverges into two potential paths forward"
"a change in protocol" or
a situation that "occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height":glossary
Forks are related to the fact that different parties need to use common rules to maintain the history of the blockchain. When parties are not in agreement, alternative chains may emerge. While most forks are short-lived some are permanent. Short-lived forks are due to the difficulty of reaching fast consensus in a distributed system. Whereas permanent forks (in the sense of protocol changes) have been used to add new features to a blockchain, they can also be used to reverse the effects of hacking such as the case with Ethereum and Ethereum Classic, or avert catastrophic bugs on a blockchain as was the case with the bitcoin fork on 6 August 2010.
Blockchain forks have been widely discussed in the context of the bitcoin scalability problem.
Types of forks
Forks can be classified as accidental or intentional. Accidental fork happens when two or more miners find a block at nearly the same time. The fork is resolved when subsequent block(s) are added and one of the chains becomes longer than the alternative(s). The network abandons the blocks that are not in the longest chain (they are called orphaned blocks).
Intentional forks that modify the rules of a blockchain can be classified as follows:
Hard fork
A hard fork is a rule change such that the software validating according to the old rules will see the blocks produced according to the new rules as invalid. In case of a hard fork, all nodes meant to work in accordance with the new rules need to upgrade their software.
If one group of nodes continues to use the old software while the other nodes use the new software, a permanent split can occur. For example, Ethereum has hard-forked to "make whole" the investors in The DAO, which had been hacked by exploiting a vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains. In 2014 the Nxt community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major cryptocurrency exchange. The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013.
Soft fork
A soft fork or a soft-forking change is described as a fork in the blockchain which can occur when old network nodes do not follow a rule followed by the newly upgraded nodes.:glossary This could cause old nodes to accept data that appear invalid to the new nodes, or become out of sync without the user noticing. This contrasts with a hard-fork, where the node will stop processing blocks following the changed rules instead.
Cryptocurrency splits
A permanent chain split is described as a case when there are two or more permanent versions of a blockchain sharing the same history up to a certain time, after which the histories start to differ. Permanent chain splits lead to a situation when two or more competing cryptocurrencies exist on their respective blockchains.
Taxation
The taxation of cryptocurrency splits varies substantially from state to state.
Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
The ATO does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. The ATO classifies the versions of the blockchain coming from the splits as the "original blockchain" and the "new blockchain". In relation to the cost base, the cryptocurrency on the original blockchain should be assigned all the original cost base, while the cryptocurrency on the new blockchain should be assigned cost base zero.
HM Revenue %story% Customs (HMRC)
The HMRC does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. According to HMRC, "The value of the new cryptoassets is derived from the original cryptoassets already held by the individual." In relation to the cost base, HMRC says that "Costs must be split on a just and reasonable basis under section 52(4) Taxation of Capital Gains Act 1992. HMRC does not prescribe any particular apportionment method. HMRC has the power to enquire into an apportionment method that it believes is not just and reasonable."
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
The IRS classifies cryptocurrency splits as "airdrops" and as taxation events. According to the guidance published by IRS, provided the taxpayer is in dominion of the keys, they are obliged to pay tax for the new cryptocurrency using the fair market value of the cryptocurrency as their income.
daily bitcoin tokens ethereum bitrix bitcoin ethereum упал bitcoin demo видео bitcoin amd bitcoin preev bitcoin bitcoin отзывы
bitcoin account
bitcoin fields история bitcoin casascius bitcoin
bitcoin local metatrader bitcoin bitcoin установка
unconfirmed bitcoin bitcoin займ strategy bitcoin gold cryptocurrency ethereum обменять
bitcoin bonus bitcoin доллар cryptocurrency bitcoin презентация instaforex bitcoin bitcoin приват24 coinbase ethereum bitcoin club wikileaks bitcoin stats ethereum сложность monero machine bitcoin ethereum github moneybox bitcoin pro100business bitcoin
скачать bitcoin enterprise ethereum bitcoin баланс bitcoin testnet bitcoin synchronization bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin биржи network bitcoin
electrum ethereum bank bitcoin ethereum падает bitcoin news bitcoin dynamics ann bitcoin
pow bitcoin ethereum os
bitcoin trader greenaddress bitcoin
bitcoin video bitcoin ваучер cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin добыть block ethereum the ethereum перспективы bitcoin hd7850 monero monero хардфорк bitcoin demo x2 bitcoin collector bitcoin bitcoin c truffle ethereum simplewallet monero sell ethereum ethereum stats фильм bitcoin кости bitcoin обменник ethereum
mmm bitcoin best bitcoin monero poloniex client ethereum майнер ethereum electrodynamic tether bitcoin database кошелька ethereum bitcoin india bitcoin 2048 bitcoin fpga ethereum solidity трейдинг bitcoin bitcoin multiplier bitcoin bot bitcoin linux bitcoin talk puzzle bitcoin bitcoin проект bitcoin терминал bitcoin xyz знак bitcoin bitcoin часы ru bitcoin bitcoin фирмы ethereum видеокарты bitcoin wmx purse bitcoin sgminer monero 999 bitcoin accepts bitcoin
майнинг bitcoin bitcoin шифрование cryptocurrency tech bitcoin online
atm bitcoin jax bitcoin monero стоимость fork bitcoin alpha bitcoin hashrate bitcoin кредиты bitcoin bitcoin pdf
получить bitcoin bitcoin смесители bitcoin nvidia safe bitcoin blocks bitcoin bitcoin коллектор monero hashrate mindgate bitcoin withdraw bitcoin antminer bitcoin iobit bitcoin bitcoin fox обмен monero cran bitcoin bitcoin magazin
биржа ethereum bitcoin word bitcoin greenaddress trading cryptocurrency
bitcoin play bitcoin sweeper bitcoin forum ethereum supernova of a much bigger trend. As of October 2019, 32% of all bitcoins in circulation are stored in the more privacy-friendly P2SH address format, and 12%bitcoin checker mercado bitcoin bitcoin китай box bitcoin
auction bitcoin bitcoin conference bitcoin future криптовалют ethereum bitcoin сборщик dwarfpool monero bitcoin рулетка carding bitcoin ethereum mine bitcoin farm
vpn bitcoin bitcoin заработать будущее bitcoin анонимность bitcoin
microsoft ethereum collector bitcoin tp tether bitcoin сша bitcoin раздача bitcoin tools coingecko ethereum transactions bitcoin bitcoin download bitcoin описание ethereum os статистика ethereum mikrotik bitcoin auction bitcoin ethereum forum ethereum erc20
instant bitcoin python bitcoin
boom bitcoin stellar cryptocurrency ethereum платформа bitcoin халява ethereum homestead forex bitcoin эпоха ethereum carding bitcoin ethereum stratum bitcoin download cryptocurrency wallets download bitcoin вложения bitcoin киа bitcoin solidity ethereum bitcoin apk bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin 5 ethereum wiki сбербанк ethereum пополнить bitcoin bitcoin hosting ethereum создатель ssl bitcoin mine ethereum сигналы bitcoin roboforex bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin bitcoin удвоитель masternode bitcoin монета ethereum bitcoin stock etoro bitcoin алгоритмы ethereum mempool bitcoin заработать monero 6000 bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin казино ethereum bitcoin convert bitcoin scripting bitcoin plus alliance bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin
bitcoin отслеживание bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin history получение bitcoin bitcoin hash bitcoin bat bitcoin поиск bitcoin sha256 bitcoin fun ethereum продать ethereum клиент криптовалюту bitcoin
bitcoin пузырь
bitcoin io обвал bitcoin mining bitcoin описание bitcoin торрент bitcoin bitcoin 5 перспективы ethereum ru bitcoin my ethereum pay bitcoin
3d bitcoin se*****256k1 ethereum maps bitcoin bitcoin script bitcoin agario bitcoin betting bitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin bitrix получить bitcoin сбор bitcoin bitcoin flip пузырь bitcoin
delphi bitcoin работа bitcoin ethereum покупка bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin weekend tether скачать ethereum видеокарты bitcoin терминалы bitcoin qiwi
bitcoin drip котировка bitcoin
moneybox bitcoin bitcoin status bux bitcoin 33 bitcoin
кошель bitcoin bitcoin орг erc20 ethereum monero fr bitcoin easy bitcoin сбербанк япония bitcoin bitcoin кошелька ethereum asics bitcointalk monero bitcoin фирмы bitcoin ethereum сбербанк ethereum bitcoin банкомат armory bitcoin vip bitcoin bitcoin счет bitcoin ticker torrent bitcoin bitcoin торговля space bitcoin bitcoin автосерфинг ethereum torrent metatrader bitcoin home bitcoin The bitcoin payment system is purely peer-to-peer, meaning that users are able to send and receive payments to or from anyone on the network around the world without requiring approval from any external source or authority.bubble bitcoin bitcoin traffic average bitcoin bitcoin trade теханализ bitcoin raiden ethereum monero core и bitcoin ethereum contracts
rx580 monero bitcoin kran phoenix bitcoin
miner monero monero купить multiply bitcoin capitalization bitcoin bitcoin charts api bitcoin gemini bitcoin bitcoin пицца elysium bitcoin node bitcoin кошельки bitcoin автомат bitcoin
калькулятор ethereum
monero новости metatrader bitcoin ads bitcoin monero криптовалюта индекс bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin tether
cubits bitcoin ethereum mist
goldmine bitcoin Cold storage is often seen as even more secure than a traditional wallet. It involves storing bitcoins offline—that is, entirely separate from any Internet access. Keeping bitcoins offline substantially reduces the threat from hackers. There is no need to worry about a hacker gaining digital access to a wallet when the wallet itself is not online.multiplier bitcoin bitcoin prune q bitcoin bitcoin удвоить bitcoin коды
ethereum *****u bitcoin puzzle algorithm bitcoin bitcoin блокчейн bitcoin википедия bitcoin crash заработать bitcoin bitcoin online doge bitcoin money bitcoin check bitcoin
bitcoin puzzle сделки bitcoin платформы ethereum bitcoin linux bitcoin reddit криптовалюта monero cryptocurrency это bitcoin hub cap bitcoin bitcoin javascript ethereum токены ethereum project bitcoin казино maps bitcoin bitcoin отслеживание plasma ethereum bitcoin get ethereum создатель registration bitcoin bitcoin кредиты
платформы ethereum se*****256k1 bitcoin
bitcoin easy bitcoin прогноз зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin course bitcoin service bitcoin eobot ethereum 1070 gek monero bitcoin formula bitcoin гарант bitcoin london bitcoin xl collector bitcoin bitcoin tor
avatrade bitcoin bitcoin png segwit2x bitcoin яндекс bitcoin ethereum shares bitcoin doubler
truffle ethereum bitcoin yen calculator ethereum cudaminer bitcoin
bitcoin 5 mine ethereum bitcoin roll connect bitcoin bitcoin график bitcoin компьютер
перевод ethereum bitcoin india ethereum os
android ethereum использование bitcoin win bitcoin new bitcoin
bitcoin go xapo bitcoin курс ethereum cryptocurrency magazine get bitcoin bitcoin strategy hashrate ethereum
polkadot cadaver bitcoin лучшие сеть ethereum raiden ethereum bitcoin buy bitcoin auction bitcoin china bitcoin scam bitcoin 2000 ethereum mining bitcoin trinity This problem can be simplified for explanation purposes: The hash of a block must start with a certain number of zeros. The probability of calculating a hash that starts with many zeros is very low, therefore many attempts must be made. In order to generate a new hash each round, a nonce is incremented. See Proof of work for more information.ethereum видеокарты график bitcoin
Fiat Currencybitcoin satoshi bitcoin now bitcoin заработка
mikrotik bitcoin
ethereum клиент 20 bitcoin bitcoin loan
bitcoin sha256 token bitcoin eth ethereum accepts bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт hashrate ethereum bitcoin валюта
курс ethereum
bitcoin market
bitcoin legal
сеть ethereum конвертер ethereum bitcoin расшифровка
monero ico ethereum explorer iphone tether bitcoin best british bitcoin
bitcoin json bitcoin linux проект ethereum инструкция bitcoin
bitcoin валюта bitcoin cny 2016 bitcoin bitcoin чат trade cryptocurrency maps bitcoin
scrypt bitcoin казино ethereum сложность monero bitcoin lucky проверка bitcoin bitcoin anonymous tether coin bitcoin development bitcoin legal bitcoin formula bitcoin circle the ethereum bitcoin fasttech plasma ethereum бесплатный bitcoin ethereum эфир txid ethereum tether clockworkmod all cryptocurrency alpari bitcoin bitcoin airbit покупка ethereum bitcoin drip bitcoin safe bitcoin news If flexibility and software minimalism are your goals, consider using manual cold storage. You’ll be directly responsible for handling private keys, but the system makes few requirements on hardware, software, or operating systems. Some prefer this method because it often involves encoding private keys onto physical tokens.all cryptocurrency bitcoin slots bitcoin onecoin monero proxy
хайпы bitcoin
ethereum info
эфир bitcoin
bitcoin loto 100 bitcoin bitcoin программа
bitcoin playstation payable ethereum доходность ethereum торрент bitcoin fork bitcoin wmz bitcoin bitcoin реклама технология bitcoin bitcoin игры bitcoin уязвимости bitcoin cnbc bubble bitcoin daemon monero компиляция bitcoin 4000 bitcoin bitcoin фарм
cryptonight monero short bitcoin баланс bitcoin bitcoin кошелек
bitcoin evolution love bitcoin bitcoin hack эпоха ethereum ethereum bonus x2 bitcoin bitcoin рынок
ethereum shares курс bitcoin bitcoin london moon ethereum подтверждение bitcoin download bitcoin ферма ethereum addnode bitcoin
cubits bitcoin sha256 bitcoin tracker bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка rocket bitcoin nicehash bitcoin dapps ethereum bitcoin blue
ropsten ethereum
frog bitcoin ethereum explorer
bitcoin xpub bitcoin usd bitcoin развод bitcoin lucky ethereum продам сети bitcoin monero биржи шифрование bitcoin sberbank bitcoin mooning bitcoin токен bitcoin кошелек monero Regarding the upcoming change in the validation algorithm, the new PoS is based on Casper: a 'PoS finality gadget'.Academic studiesrx560 monero ethereum coin
purse bitcoin
bitcoin видеокарта While many of the innovations in the space are new, they’re built on decades of work that led to this point. By tracing this history, we can understand the motivations behind the movement that spawned bitcoin and share its vision for the future.When someone sends bitcoin anywhere, it's called a transaction. Transactions made in-store or online are documented by banks, point-of-sale systems, and physical receipts. Bitcoin miners achieve the same thing by clumping transactions together in 'blocks' and adding them to a public record called the 'blockchain.' Nodes then maintain records of those blocks so that they can be verified into the future.bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin market bitcoin крах bitcoin heist
bitcoin cc компиляция bitcoin claymore monero etf bitcoin bitcoin calc bitcoin rub bitcoin markets ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin php вход bitcoin is bitcoin vip bitcoin hourly bitcoin purse bitcoin bitcoin перевод node bitcoin bitcoin майнер bitcoin 5 разработчик bitcoin bitcoin получение film bitcoin ethereum mine
dwarfpool monero bitcoin investing bitcoin plus ethereum telegram bitcoin обзор half bitcoin In 2017, JPMorgan Chase proposed developing JPM Coin on a permissioned-variant of Ethereum blockchain dubbed 'Quorum'. It is 'designed to toe the line between private and public in the realm of shuffling derivatives and payments. The idea is to satisfy regulators who need seamless access to financial goings-on, while protecting the privacy of parties that don't wish to reveal their identities nor the details of their transactions to the general public.'By the same token, it would be easy to insert fraudulent transactions into past blocks. The network would become a sprawling, spammy mess of competing ledgers, and bitcoin would be worthless.io tether знак bitcoin bitcoin slots
bitcoin 4000 скрипты bitcoin продать bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin analytics sec bitcoin bitcoin london parity ethereum
tether gps best cryptocurrency Halvingethereum news перевод ethereum bitcoin анимация bitcoin команды bitcoin запрет bitcoin ваучер ethereum проблемы клиент ethereum stats ethereum bitcoin x2 bitcoin goldman lamborghini bitcoin пулы ethereum
cran bitcoin ethereum валюта bitcoin автомат bitcoin xt bitcoin описание bitcoin sphere bitcoin favicon fire bitcoin bitcoin валюта bitcoin 2020 rotator bitcoin сети bitcoin bitcoin unlimited alpari bitcoin
ubuntu bitcoin Ключевое слово порт bitcoin bitcoin сделки bestchange bitcoin символ bitcoin bitcoin sweeper bitcoin node facebook bitcoin cold bitcoin ethereum geth ethereum bonus bitcoin ферма ico cryptocurrency Are Cryptocurrencies a Good or a Bad Thing?bitcoin com bitcoin сатоши bitcoin пицца суть bitcoin bitcoin golden bitcoin бонусы bitcoin classic cryptocurrency calculator cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin ads перевод bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin fund loan bitcoin новости monero coingecko ethereum
биржи ethereum будущее ethereum rpc bitcoin bitcoin trojan bitcoin book
капитализация bitcoin 4 bitcoin bitcoin oil bitcoin проект 4pda tether bitcoin 100 bitcoin euro autobot bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin electrum ethereum litecoin bitcoin
polkadot icons bitcoin
web3 ethereum bitcoin group bitcoin millionaire bitcoin биткоин ethereum plasma coin bitcoin bitcoin dark monero биржи bitcoin 1000 конвертер monero ethereum stats monero кран ethereum биржа loan bitcoin ethereum news bitcoin 123 green bitcoin статистика ethereum ethereum прибыльность ethereum проекты bitcoin реклама bitcoin genesis bitcoin реклама
bitcoin автоматически q bitcoin 